There
appears to be increasing number of children who specialize in a single
sport at an early age. The lure of a college scholarsip of a
professional career can motivate young athletes to commit to specialized
training regimens at an early age. However, the American Academy of Pediatric
recommends avoiding specializing in one sport before puberty.
Once puberty begins, both boys and girls go
through their adolescent growth spurt (AGS). The change and the age at which
they occur can have an impact on a child’s sport perfomance. Going through this
can have a significant impact on athletic perfomance in both positive and
negative ways. Increases in body size hormones, and muscle strengh can improve
athletic perfomance. Nevertheless, there may be temporary decline in balance
skills and body control during the AGS. Quick increases in height and weight
affect the body’s center of gravity. Sometimes, the brain needs to adjust to
this heigher observation point. As s result, a teen may seem a little clumsy.
This phase is especially noticeable in
sports that require goods balance and body control (e.g. figure skating, diving,
gymnastics, basketball). In addition, longer arms and legs can affect throwing
any type of ball, hitting with a bat, catching with a glove, or swimming and
jumping. Coaches that ate aware of the AGS can help reduce athletic
awkwardness by incorporating specific aspects of training onto practice
sessions.
31. The word “lure” in paragraph 1 is closest
in meaning to ....
A.
plan
B.
illusion
C.
chance
D.
appeal
E.
thought
32. The word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to
...
A.
age
B.
impact
C.
puberty
D.
change
E.
occurrence
33. Which sentence is closest
in meaning to the last sentence in paragraph 3?
A. By designing training founded on the
knowledge of AGS, trainers be more aware of possible difficulties in sports.
B. With practice that prevents children
from performing awkwardly, trainers can assist children through this growth
phase.
C. To help children perform with more
ease, trainers should consider the effects of puberty when designing a training
routine.
D. Without considering the physical
changes undergone by children, trainers cannot prevent them form having
difficulties when training.
E. Since identifying potential problems
during children’s phase of AGS in necessary to eliminate cluminess, trainers
can do this before training begins.
34.
The most appropriate title for this passage is ...
A. Adolescent Growth Spurt and Sport
B. Effects of Puberty on Sports Performance
C. The Rising Popularity of Sport among Children
D. The Impact of Poor Balance and Body
Control
E. The Side Effect of Specializing in
Sport on Children
The old myths about clevet animals may have been closer to the truth
than science has been for much of its history. Until fairly recently, animals
were considered to be unthinking machines and humans the only intelligent
species. However, aided by new cognition tests that allow elephants to
show.their intelligence, scientists have discovered human and elephant
intelligence have much in common.
Most contemporary ethologists view the the elephants as one of the
world’s most intelligent animals. With a mass of just over 5 kg, an elephant’s
brain has more mass than that of any other land animal. In addition, elephants
have a total of 300 billion nourons. Elephant brains are similar to human’s in
terms of general connectivity and areas. The elephant cortex has as many
neurons as a human brain.
Moreover, elephants manifest a wide variety of behaviors, including
those associated with self-awareness, altruism, memory and communication. It
has been proven scientifically that elephants are self-aware. In one study an
elephant called Happy would touch a white cross painted on her forehead, a test
used to test self-awareness in childern, She could only see it in a mirror and
understood that she was looking at a
reflection of herself.
Elephants also practice altruism.
There is a famous story of an Indian elephant called Chanrasekharan, Who was
working lifting poles off a truck as it moved along, and placing them in holes
dug in the ground, When Chandrasekharan came to one hole he refused to put the
log in. Eventually the Mahout checked and discovered a dog sleeping in it. Only
when the dog was gone would Chandrasekharan put the pole in.
Finally, elephants do having long memories. They eat an incredible
variety of food and need to cover large distances to ger it. They need to know
where to go at what time of year. They learn this and remember it. Also, they
have complex communication and societies, and they need to remember all the
different individuals’ voices and smells in order to be socially adapt.
35.
What is the tone of the passage?
A. Playful
B. Critical
C. Objective
D. Empathic
E. Indifferent
36.
All of the following statements about elephant intelligent are true EXCEPT.
A. Elephants like helping other animals.
B. Elephants have strong memory and
cognition.
C. Like human being, elephants have
self-awareness.
D. Elephant’s brain has less mass than
that of other mammals.
E. Elephant intelligence shares some
similarities with human intelligence.
37.
What can be infered from this passage?
A. It is impossible for elephants to have
self-awareness.
B. Elephant brain differ from that of
humans in many ways.
C. Elephants are the only intelligent
animal on this planet.
D. Elephants in general do not care about
their well-being.
E. Not too long ago, many people thought
that animals did not have the ability to think.
38.
This passage would most likely be found in ...
A. sn article about ancient mythology
B. a journal about artificial intelligence
C. a popular article about science and
nature
D. a book about communication among
animals
E. a magazine about the minds of human
and animal
39.
The author’s main purpose in the second paragraph is to ...
A. define animal intelligence
B. persuade readers to love and protect
elephants
C. provide an explanation of elephants’
intelligence
D. inform readers about the findings of
several research
E. contrast elephant intelligence with
human intelligence
Living on an island can have strange effects. On Flores in Indonesia,
extinct elephants weighed on more than large hog, but rats grew as bog as cats. These ate examples of the island
effect, which holds that when food and predators are scarce, big animals shrink
and little ones grow. Still, no one is sure whether the same rule explains the
most famous example of drawing of
Flores: the add extinct hominin called the hobbit, which_40_60,000 to
100,000 years ago and stood about a meter tall.
Now, genetic evidence from modern pygmies or unusually short people on
Flores-who are unrelated to the hobbit-confirms that humans, too, are subject
to so-called island dwarfing. Flores pygmies differ from their closest
relatives on New Guinea and in East Asia in carrying more gene variants that
promote short stature. The genetic differences testify to recent evolution, the
island rula at work, and they imply that same force gave the hobbit its short
stature.
To explore the pygmies’ ancestry, a team of researchers studied the
Rampasasa pygmies of Flores, who were on average just 145 centimeters tall.
They gathered spit and blood from 34 people and_41_The team found no trace of
archaic DNA that could be from the hobbit. Instead, the pygmies were_42_The DNA
suggested that their ancestors came to Flores in several waves: in the past
50,000 years or so, when modern humans first reached Melanesia; and in the past
5000 years, when settlers came from both East Asia and New Guinea.
The DNA also reflects an enviromental shift. It suggests the pygmies’
ancestors underwent a big shift in diet after reaching Flores, perhaps eating
paymy elephant of marine foods. The pygmies’ DNA is also rich in alleles
that_43_to short stature. Other East Asians have the same alleles, but at mujch
lower frequencies.
The discovered fits with a recent study suggesting evolution was also in
favor of short stature in people on the Andaman islands. Such selection on
islands boosts the theory that the hobbit, too, was once a taller species, who
dwindled in height over millennia on Flores.
40. .....
A. lived
B. had lived
C. was living
D. were living
E. had been living
41. .....
A. measured their head circumferences.
B. looked for causes of dwarfism.
C. analyzed their health histories
D. traced back their lineage
E. extracted their DNA.
42. .....
A. closely related East Asian to most
other.
B. most closely related to other East
Asians.
C. to most other closely related East
Asians.
D. other East Asians closely related to
most.
E. East Asians most closely relate to other.
43. .....
A. links
B. linked
C. linking
D. are linked
E. are linking
44.
The italic pharse in the last paragraph means ....
A. eased
B. endorsed
C. approved
D. supported
E. confirmed
45.
The sentence “This suggests natural selection favored exisiting genes for
shortness while the pygmies’ ancestors were on Flores.” Should be ...
A. the last sentence of paragraph 1
B. the last sentence of paragraph 2
C. the last sentence of paragraph 3
D. the last sentence of paragraph 4
E. the last sentence of paragraph 5
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