Sometimes,
race and ethnicity are used interchangeably, but it is important to understand
that they are two different things, else they would not have two different
names. Race has been defined as, "human population, that is believed to be
distinct in some way from other human beings based on real or imagined physical
differences". The racial classification is rooted more in the idea of
biological classification of humans, based on the morphological features, such as
skin color or facial characteristics. More often than not, an individual is
externally classified into a racial group, instead of the individual choosing,
where he/she belongs as part of his/her identity. The whole concept of race and
specific racial groupings is often controversial, because of their impact on
social identity and how the identity influences a person’s position in the
social fabric. Some examples of race include, Chinese, the Indians, the
Arabs, etc. The term ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnos, which
roughly translates to ‘nation’. More commonly it is said to be people of the
same race, who share a distinctive culture. In the modern day usage, the word
ethnicity is used to reflect the different kinds of encounters industrialized
states have with the different types of so called ‘subordinate’ groups, such as
immigrants and colonized subjects. To explain it further, ethnicity refers not
to the physical characteristics, but to the social traits, which are shared by
a certain group of human population. The distinction is made on the basis of nationality,
tribe, religion, faith, language, culture and traditions. The examples of
ethnicity include the Hispanics or the Latin American community, the Native
Americans in the United States of America, etc. The first main difference between
race and ethnicity is the fact that race is primarily unitary. A person can
only belong to one race, but can have multiple ethnic affiliations. To
elaborate the point further, ethnically a person can be called Irish or Polish,
but if the difference has to be made on the basis of race, then the person is
classified as black or white. The next fundamental difference is that race is
socially imposed and is also hierarchical. At the same time, a person has no
control over his or her race. It is more about how you are perceived by others
around you. But when it comes to ethnicity, a person can have control over
ethnicity up to a certain limit. We will take an example to understand the
point better. If a person is born in India to Indian parents, but is adopted by
a French family in France, ethnically he feels French, eats French food, speaks
French and is well versed with the French history and culture, but is not aware
of Indian history, language, culture, etc. However, when the person travels to
the United States, he is treated racially as Asian.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 41 sampai nomor 45.
41. What is the best
title of the passage?
(A) Race and
Ethnicity: Similarities and Differences.
(B) The Differences
between Race and Ethnicity
(C) Race and Ethnicity
are Used Interchangeably
(D) The Definition of
Race and Ethnicity
(E) Race and
Ethnicity: Some Common Characteristics
42. What can be
inferred from the passage about race and ethnicity?
(A) Race is something
that you are born with, but ethnicity can be controlled to some extent.
(B) Race and ethnicity
are both innate characteristics.
(C) Both race and
ethnicity might be the reasons for discrimination.
(D) People can easily
identify to which ethnicity a person belongs, but not to which race he is affiliated.
(E) People cannot
choose which ethnicity and race they want to belong to.
43. The word ‘fabric’
can best be replaced by ____.
(A) cloth
(B) material
(C) structure
(D) condition
(E) gap
44. This passage is
most likely found in a textbook of which of the following subjects?
(A) Geography
(B) Politics
(C) Philosophy
(D) Psychology
(E) Sociology
45. Which of the
following statements about the passage is FALSE?
(A) The word race and
ethnicity are occasionally used to mean each other.
(B) Race is based more
on people’s physical appearance.
(C) The concept of
racial labeling might lead to social conflict.
(D) The term ethnicity
has always been defined the same.
(E) Ethnicity is based
more on people’s social characteristics than physical ones.
_____________.
So far we have been concerned primarily with positive economic theories. Such
“scientific” theories take the real world as an object to be studied,
attempting to explain those economic phenomena that are observed. Positive
economics seeks to determine how resources are in fact allocated in an economy.
A somewhat different use of economic theory is normative, taking a definite
stance about what should be done. Under the heading of normative analysis,
economists have a great deal to say about how resources should be allocated.
For example, an economist engaged in positive analysis might investigate why
and how the American health care industry uses the quantities of capital,
labor, and land that are currently devoted to providing medical services. The
economist might also choose to measure the costs and benefits of devoting even
more resources to health care. But when economists advocate that more resources
should be allocated to health, they have implicitly moved into normative
analysis.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 46 sampai nomor 47.
46. From the passage,
we can conclude that _____.
(A) normative economic
theory has influenced most economists
(B) economists tend to
use positive economic theory rather than normative one
(C) both positive and
normative economic theories have been used by economist
(D) either positive or
normative economic theories have not been used by economist
(E) the difference
between positive and normative theories is how to measure the capital
47. This paragraph
should begin with _____
(A) A final feature of
most economic models is the attempt to differentiate carefully between “positive”
and “normative” questions.
(B) The difference
between “positive” and “normative” questions is how resources should be
allocated.
(C) The different use
of economic theory is the attempt to analyze “positive” and “normative” questions.
(D) A final feature of
most economic models is the attempt to analyze positive theories.
(E) Most economic
models are positive and “normative” analysis.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 48 sampai nomor 55.
48. Performed in
Senayan Indoor Stadium during the school holiday, _____.
(A) many children were
attracted by the puppet show from Spain
(B) Spain presented
its puppet showto attract many children
(C) it was brought
from Spain a puppet show to attract many children
(D) the puppet show
from Spain attracted many children
(E) the puppeteers
attracted many children to the show
49. The budget
allocated for reducing child-labor will not be enough until the government
agencies are closely coordinated to use these funds effectively. From the above
sentence we may conclude that _____.
(A) the government
lacks funds to reduce the rate of child-labor
(B) the rate of
child-labor tends to increase due to lack of funds
(C) the government has
been successful in reducing he rate of child-labor
(D) child-labor has
been reduced due to the abundant funds allocated to it
(E) the funds
allocated for reducing child-labor has been used ineffectively
50. _____ students
studying in a foreign country are provided with information about literacy
practices and academic culture of that country, they will feel stranded in that
academic environment.
(A) As
(B) In order that
(C) Unless
(D) As soon as
(E) Where
51. The term ’rock’,
____ a shortened form of ’rock-and-roll’, was coined by an American broadcaster
to replace ’rhythm-and-blues’.
(A) it is
(B) which is
(C) for which
(D) which it is
(E) is
52. Dani was extremely
tired when he arrived, because he _________ for his flight for three hours.
(A) waited
(B) was waiting
(C) had waited
(D) had been waiting
(E) had been waited
53. Toni: I’m going to
a jazz concert. Do you fancy coming along?
Yunita: ____
(A) I don’t listen to
jazz.
(B) Never mind.
(C) Sounds fantastic.
That’s my type.
(D) That’s incredible!
(E) Sounds great, why
not?
54. Lisa: Introduction
to Literature’ is only offered every other semester.
Reni: _____
(A) That’s too bad.
Now I have to find something else.
(B) Will you give me
another offer?
(C) I thought it was
offered to everyone.
(D) Can you suggest
another book?
(E) There aren’t
enough offers this semester.
55. Hadi: What
emergency measure does the government usually take to save people from the explosion
of a volcano?
Andi: People _____ to
leave their houses and evacuate to a much safer area.
(A) be urged
(B) urge
(C) to be urged
(D) urged
(E) are urged
People
who drink two or more sweetened soft drinks a week have a much higher risk of
pancreatic cancer, an unusual but __56__ cancer. People who drink mostly fruit
juice __57__ sodas did not have the same risk. Sugar may be to __58__ but
people who drink sweetened sodas regularly have other poor health habits. The
high levels of sugar in soft drinks may be increasing the level of insulin in
the body, which we think __59__ to pancreatic cancer cell growth. Insulin which
helps the body __60__ sugar is made in the pancreas.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 56 sampai nomor 60.
56. ...
(A) died
(B) death
(C) dying
(D) dead
(E) deadly
57. ...
(A) despite
(B) than
(C) instead of
(D) less
(E) other than
58. ...
(A) blame
(B) destroy
(C) exceed
(D) reject
(E) consume
59. ....
(A) contributing
(B) contribution
(C) contributed
(D) contributes
(E) contributory
60. ...
(A) digest
(B) metabolize
(C) stimulate
(D) produce
(E) apply
EmoticonEmoticon